Pros and Cons of Single-Sex School on Students

PROS & CONS OF SINGLE-SEX SCHOOL ON STUDENTS Pros & Cons of Single-Sex School on Students INTRODUCTION Single-sex school has not been a stranger to us even from back in those old days. It practically shows how gender differences and effects caused by it had largely impacted on the society. People learnt how the attraction between Adam and Eve kind brings a lot of many things, including the separation of these two kinds through – one of the most important thing to the society, the education. According to the article ‘What is Single Sex  Education? Defining Single-Gender  Education’ by Amanda Morin,  Single-Sex education are the practice of educating girls and boys in separate classes or schools. Just like many other co-educational schools, single-sex ones are no exception to the ‘villains and angels’ of this issue. There has been a lot of discussion regarding the pros and cons of single-sex school, which would be my focus in the essay. Pro, based on the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, are something that are in favour of. Hence, con would be the opposite meaning of pro, meaning disadvantages of something, issues or problems.Before 1900, education in America was contained largely within a single-sex framework (Bracey, 2007). That structure was the result of societal views, expectations, and opportunities for each gender. As a rule, males required greater formalized education to facilitate their expected worldly occupations, and females received a much less formalized education, rich in the practical skills necessary for their anticipated domestic life. Males and females required such different educational experiences and subject matter that they were educated separately (Cohen, 2000).There were long and storied history in American higher education about single-sex colleges and universities where a few original colleges in U. S. existed – though that is to educate men only. However, in the early 1800s severa l seminaries for women were founded to provide girls with a liberal education. Post Civil War has also produced the women's colleges of the Northeast, whom been wishing to demonstrate that women were as capable of achieving advanced education as were men. By 1950 the percentage of women in higher education dropped to a low of 30 percent, and enrolment at many of the single-sex institutions began to decline.The 1960s and 1970s saw a more pronounced shift away from single-sex institutions toward coeducation. The history of one’s place or issue could probably make us understand better, whereas would help us to elaborate more on the matter. The focus in this essay would be the advantages and disadvantages of single-sex school, from two different perspectives – academically, and socially. ADVANTAGES As we all know it, boys and girls inhibit and exhibit different learning style and learning outcomes. Research has shown that boys and girls brains are different, they are progr ammed to learn distinct ways.It is not saying that one gender is inferior to the other, they are just different. Single sex education has been shown to reduce stereotypes based on gender rather than promote them. Factors such as smaller classrooms and teacher training are factors of a good school and many single sex schools offer those variables, in addition to offering different and specialized teaching styles which also may improve the quality of education. From the book entitled ‘Early Implementation of Public Single-Sex School : Perceptions and Characteristics’ , its study team has contacted all 20 schools the U.S. Department of Education identified as public single-sex schools in 2003. It shows academic behaviours in 164 single-sex classrooms and 45 coed classrooms in the single-sex and coed schools visited. Students in the single-sex elementary, middle, high schools, were more likely to complete homework than were students in the coed comparison elementary and mid dle school, but no study on high school were included. One public charter school in Northeast Indianapolis namely Charles A. Tindley Accelerated School, segregates academic classes for its younger students.Overall, the policy has been positive, resulting in better grades and fewer distractions. On the social side of this matter, Rosemary Salomone, professor of law at St. John’s University and author of the 2003 book Same, Different, Equal: Rethinking Single-Sex Schooling, said that: â€Å"Many students in single-sex classes report feeling more comfortable raising their hands and expressing uncertainty regarding a lesson or topic without fear of embarrassment or teasing from the opposite sex. † Boys tend to soften up and become more collaborative as they can just be boys and not worry about what the girls might think in a single sex setting.Girls become competitive, bold, and a risk-taker which also give girls the opportunity to take on leadership roles and interact wit h women in positions of leadership. National Coalition of Girls' Schools had conducted a survey which 93% of the women surveyed felt that they had more leadership opportunities and that 63% felt they were well-prepared for the â€Å"real world. † DISADVANTAGES On the surface, it is undeniably true that most single-sex schools do well academically, by saying that the gender gap between girls and boys has been overcome. However, by separating them, the gender gap are still there, but not always seen.Over the past 10 years, 130 independent schools that taught girls and boys separately have either become co-educational or closed. Some schools now offer single-sex lessons in an attempt to close the gender gap that has seen girls overtake boys in achievement. This gender gap is about the fact where boys are always lagging behind girls, and if practiced through placing them in a same sex school, it should probably causes the fact that all-boys’ school lagging behind all-girls ’ school. From the article ‘All-boys school are not the answer’ by Oli De Botton, in practice, the single-sex question is a distraction from what really matters.It sounds obvious, but both boys and girls will do better if they are taught better by excellent teachers. That means skilled teachers whom can attract and teach the students well – regardless of their gender. Kids that are able of responding to all learning environments are better, which they can break out from their comfort zone. Let boys and girls learn together, taught by the best teachers we can find. A new report, published in the journal Science, states that single-sex schools’ students are no better educated than those who attend co-ed schools. The study has also noted that a review commissioned by the U. S.Department of Education found only, little overall difference in academic outcomes between children in single-sex schools versus those in co-ed schools. The professor of psycholog y and education at Penn state, Lynn Liben says that â€Å"There's really no good evidence that single-sex schools are in any way academically superior, but there is evidence of a negative impact,† Another disadvantage would be students’ socialization. The article ‘Co-ed vs. Single-sex schools’ by ULS. com has said that a wider range of people allows the interaction of students of both sexes which allow them to learn how to work and talk to people of the opposite sex.This, though does not happen in a single-sex school causing lack social skills of the students of a single-sex school. Furthermore, the all-boys and all-girls situation might lead to other case such as homosexual. Ghanaweb. com has reported that how their Ghana Education Service has conceded that single-sex schools in Ghana are becoming the place where homosexuals breed. Stephen Adu, the Deputy Director General of the GES told Citi News, that he disagree to the way of dealing with the situation with converting such schools into mixed school. Instead he thinks holistic approach is required to deal with the situation.He added, â€Å"I will agree that homosexuality and lesbianism started with single-sex schools. It has become prevalent and so more people have become aware of it. This is just one of the many problems we have in our educational system†. OPINION In my opinion, single-sex school is neither good or bad. It is the matter of how people work, consider and tolerate it. Elizabeth Weil, in her article titled ‘Teaching Boys and Girls Separately’ stated that the United States Department of Education, along with the American Institute for Research, published a meta-analysis comparing single-sex and coed schooling.The authors started out with 2,221 citations on the subject that they then whittled down to 40 usable studies. Yet even those 40 studies did not yield strong results: 41 percent favored single-sex schools, 45 percent found no positive or negat ive effects for either single-sex or coed schools, 6 percent were mixed (meaning they found positive results for one gender but not the other) and 8 percent favored coed schools. I have one friend of mine, ex single-sex’s school student, whom has such different way of thinking. She’s a feminist, has such a hard time trusting guys and has limited social skills.She doesn’t know how to interact with boys especially, even with the girls sometimes. This is what I can see from her. My evaluation and interpretation might be wrong as I am not an expert. As academically, she’s a perfectionist, hardworking, competitive and a bright student indeed. But her low self-esteem and lack of social skills penetrated her from speaking in class as she doesn’t have the ability of delivering what she wanted to say. What I can see is that single-sex school benefit so much on the academic side, as students really focuses on studying because there is no other distraction an d attraction at school.They really want to compete with each other, curious and wanting to know their ability because they think they have the same capabilities, just at different levels. However, it is sad to compare to their socialization, because single-sex school changes the way they think. They got used to the all-girls or all-boys situation that they end up being sexist, which then later lead to cases like homosexuals. CONCLUSION. Boys and girls are obviously different in nature, and vary in their likings and favourites. What people do not know is a little bit of understanding in these differences could bring such a vast improvement on students.Socialization and academic are both important, and must be balanced well in order to have a fully accomplished life. Pros and Cons are unavoidable where we can’t really choose the good one instead of the bad one but to accept both willingly and somehow work with it. REFERENCES References : RMC Research Corporation Portland, Ore. (August, 2008). Early Implementation of Public Single-Sex Schools : Perceptions and Characteristics. Bradley, K. (n. d. ) The Impact of Single-Sex Education on the Performance of First and Second Grade PUBLIC School Students.Kreyden, V. (March, 2011). Multiple benefits of single-sex classes. Retrieved from : http://blogs. indystar. com/ypress/2011/03/01/multiple-benefits-of-single-sex-classes/ Morin, A. (n. d. ) What is Single-Sex Education? :Defining Single-Gender Education. Retrieved from : http://childparenting. about. com/od/schoollearning/a/what-is-single-sex-education-def. htm Weil, E. (March, 2008). Teaching Boys and Girls Separately. Retrieved from : http://www. nytimes. com/2008/03/02/magazine/02sex3-t. html? pagewanted=all (e-news) APPENDICES

Task 1 Eymp 1

Context and principles for early years provisions. The Early Years Foundation Stage was brought into force in September 2008 by orders and regulations which come under section 39 of the Childcare Act 2006. All of the early years providers are required to use the EYFS to ensure a flexible approach to children’s care, learning and development that enables young children to achieve the five Every Child Matters (ECM) outcomes. These 5 outcomes are staying safe, being healthy, enjoying and achieving, making a positive contribution and achieving economic wellbeing.The EYFS is used in many different settings and some of these are schools, nurseries, pre-schools, playgroups, after school clubs, breakfast clubs and child minders. This statutory framework sets out legal requirements to relate to the learning and development of children and the legal requirements relating to welfare. There are early learning goals which are the educational programmes and the assessment arrangements. The welfare requirements are given legal force by regulations made under section 39 of the Childcare Act 2006.Together the order, the regulations and the statutory framework documents make up the legal basis of the EYFS. Each individual child is supported by the EYFS because it is there to support the needs and interests of each individual child. There are six areas covered by the early learning goals and educational programmes. They are equally important and depend on each other to support the rounded approach to child development. All these areas much be delivered through planned, purposeful play with a balance of adult-led and child-initiated activities. These six areas are; * Personal, Social and Emotional Development. Communication, Language and Literacy. * Problem-solving, Reasoning and Numeracy. * Knowledge and Understanding of the World. * Physical Development. * Creative Development. * The EYFS has partnerships with parents and from this we know when parents and practitioners i n the early years work together it has a direct impact on the children’s development and learning. The EYFS does observations to look at and listening to children to find out how they are developing, what they like doing and what they are learning through their play and the other experiences they are given.Assessment in the EYFS is of two main types. The first type is  on-going assessment  which is what practitioners do on a daily basis to make decisions about what the child has learned or can do already. This is to help the child move on in their learning. Another type of assessment known as summative assessment takes place twice in the Revised EYFS. Firstly when a child is between 24 and 36 months, the outcomes of this are recorded and parents and practitioners  use the information gained to identify  a child’s strengths and their learning needs.The second assessment takes place  towards the end of the Early Years Foundation Stage. This is to sum up all the different information from on-going assessments that have been made about the child. Planning in the early years is about meeting young children’s needs so that they can play and learn happily in ways which will help them develop skills and knowledge across the   Prime and Specific areas of learning in the EYFS. Development Matters in the Early Years Foundation Stage is non-statutory guidance material which is intended to support practitioners in implementing the statutory requirements of the EYFS.It shows how the four themes of the EYFS and the principles that inform them work together to support babies and children. A progress check is done when the child is two years old which was developed by the National Children's Bureau. This check covers the legal requirements for the EYFS. It is done to check how the child is progressing. There is also a check done at 5 years old which is when children are starting school. The statutory framework is split into 3 sections which are the introduction, the learning and development requirements and the welfare requirements.The introduction is an overview which explains the aims and legal requirements. The learning and development requirements is the early learning goals and are a statutory requirement for all Ofsted registered providers. The welfare requirements are universal and have to be met by all Ofsted registered settings. There are 4 main themes to the EYFS which are a unique child, positive relationships, enabling environments and learning and development. A unique child theme is there because every child is a unique child who is constantly learning and can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured.The positive relationships are there so children can learn to be strong and independent through these positive relationships. Enabling environments is a theme because Children learn and develop which gives them experiences which respond to their individual needs and there is a strong partnership between practitioners and parents and carers. Learning and development is a theme as it means children develop and learn in different ways and the framework covers the education and care of all children in early years provision, including children with special educational needs and disabilities.There are many different theorists which have very different approaches on the early years education for children. Some of these theorists are Reggio Emilia, Friedrich Frobel, Rudolf Steiner, Susan Isaacs, Margaret MacMillan and Maria Montessori. I am only going to explain in detail about 3 of these. The 3 I have chosen are Reggio Emilia, Friedrich Frobel and Margaret MacMillan. The Reggio Emilia approach is an early childhood education approach and was started in a town in the Northern end of Italy in 1940’s and is now worldwide.This approach values the potential of all children to think, learn and construct knowledge. This approach gives children the right to be recognised as subjects of in dividual, legal, civil and social rights. The Reggio Emilia approach offers training materials and courses which are designed to promote this approach throughout Italy and the world. This approach is a progressive child-centred approach to education which believes children must be free to discover and learn for themselves. A teacher which teaches in the Reggio Emilia approach allows children to do many things and supports them in many ways e. . they allow the children to ask their own questions and to explore and generate many possibilities. The teacher provides opportunities for the children to communicate their own ideas to other children. The Friedrich Frobel approach enables children to be cherished, simulated and to flourish their full potential. Friedrich set up education systems in Germany which are still used to this day. Friedrich Frobel believes all children are like tiny flowers, they are varied, they need care but each child is beautiful alone and glorious when seen in t he community of peers.He done this approach for children from birth to 7 years old and it recognises how unique each child is and every child’s different areas of development as a whole. This approach provides an environment which is safe, intellectually challenging, allows free access to a rich range of materials, opportunities for play and which work close in partnership with parents and other skilled adults. The Margaret MacMillan approach emphasis relationships, feelings and ideas in the physical aspect of learning. It also works in close partnership with parents and provides play for children as Margaret believes it helps children apply what they understand.Margaret believes in first-hand experience and active learning so she provides most of her learning through play because she believes this helps the children. She also believes children can’t learn if they are undernourished, poorly clothes, sick or ill, with poor teeth, poor eyesight, ear infections, rickets a nd so on. Therefore Margaret provides everything possible which is needed to help these things e. g. free school clothes and meals. She will not allow a child which is ill or sick into her environment as she believes they should be at home getting better.

Benefits of promoting Stem and liberal arts education

Benefits of promoting Stem and liberal arts education In many modern societies, there has been a push in schools to emphasize the STEM fields (Science, technology, engineering and math). While there are many societal benefits such as to this educational trend, such as new technologies and scientific advancements. However, there are just as many flaws. While test scores in the sciences may look attractive, they don’t tell the whole story. To combat this growing problem, a more well-rounded style of education, such as the Liberal Arts, should be adopted. As more and more countries push the sciences, there should be an equally large push for the Liberal Arts. A more whole education is important for not only those in the STEM fields, but society a well. Today’s society is becoming more and more reliant on technology. In turn, many countries have felt the need to educate more people capable of working in these fields. For example, the Wall Street Journal recently published an article about Japan and their recent education reforms. Japan’s â€Å"goal is to transform Japans government-funded universities into either global leaders in scientific research or schools focused on vocational training† and consequently, limit the study of the humanities and Liberal Arts (Obe 2). The Japanese hope to model school’s like the California Institute of Technology and maximize their tech-ready personnel. However, in doing so, the effect on the humanities and social sciences would be immense. Culture and history would no longer be taught, and it could be lost forever. Simply studying and creating technology for the sake of doing so is not beneficial to society as a whole nor the person. Is it really necessary to put TV sc reens in our cars? What consequences would this have on society? Questions like these are why the humanities and social sciences are a necessary part of any school, college or university. A school system lacking the human aspect of life is flawed and not complete. Furthermore, countries that contain a high percentage of technologically based companies are not necessarily doing the best economically. In Fareed Zakaria’s Washington Post article, he illustrates the economical and educational differences from a nationwide view. Zakaria recognizes Sweden and Israel as countries with a large number of high tech companies who have also pushed the STEM fields. He also relates this to an internationally based study of foreign economics and technological advancements. Israel ranked first, the US second, and Sweden sixth in providing the world with technological advancements. Contrary to popular belief, this did not lead to them having high economic position. In the study, â€Å"all three countries fare surprisingly poorly in the OECD rankings. Sweden and Israel performed even worse than the United States on the 2012 assessment, landing overall at 28th and 29th, respectively, among the 34 most-developed economies† (Zakaria 7). Both Israel and Sweden have made leaps and bounds in regards to their STEM programs. Due to their focus on the sciences, their children score very well on standardized tests. While test scores and their technological production seems to look good on paper, it does not have the true desired effect on their respective societies. To effectively engage and change kids into well rounded adults, we must adopt a more liberal education. All-encompassing styles of education have been highly regarded for centuries. From the days of Plato to modern philosophers like William Cronon, the benefits of Liberal Arts have transgressed time. Cronon especially notes the benefits and helpfulness the Liberal Arts endows upon its students. His list of ten benefits are extremely relevant to modern society and the workforce. His ideas are echoed by Zakaria. Zakaria makes note that simply teaching math and science is not enough. It will not matter â€Å"how strong your math and science skills are, you still need to know how to learn, think and even write† (Zakaria 11). This speaks volumes to the Liberal Arts. It is not necessarily what you learn in college, but how you think and grow as a person by seeing more than one perspective. That is one thing STEM education may not teach you. As many countries begin to advance towards STEM, there needs to be an equally large look at the Liberal Arts. It is possible to learn a lot in a STEM field, yet it being a part of a Liberal Arts school or higher education. However, there is a difference between learning only your field, and learning about your field relative to the world around you. The real value of the Liberal Arts lies with the beholder, and what it truly means to be a complete human being.

Service learning and high school diploma Research Paper

Service learning and high school diploma - Research Paper Example Service learning and high school diploma Service learning wouldn’t benefit the students’ education. Indeed, many students would be unable to volunteer in their field. This negates any argument that service learning would help the students’ education†. The above argument is also illogical. The aim of education is to prepare the children to meet all sorts of life challenges effectively in future. In other words, it is ridiculous to argue that a science student should get practical experiences only in science topics. It should be noted that for conducting a successful future personal, professional and social life, he should acquire all sorts of knowledge even if he is specifically studying the science or arts during his school days. Service Learning programs must have specific goals in mind, and a system to support them. It should connect community services to the learning goals. In some cases, people develop service mentality because of genetic reasons. However, genetic reasons alone may not help a student to acquire service mentality. Suitable environment will help the students to develop more service mentality. In order to develop the suitable environment for service learning, planning and preparations are necessary. To conclude, service learning should be made mandatory in order to prepare the students better equipped for meeting the life challenges in future. Theoretical contents learned from the classrooms will become meaningful only when the students were able to apply it in the practical context. Service learning will help the students in doing so and therefore service learning should be made compulsory to earn a high school diploma. ... In their opinion school is a place in which learning should take place rather than servicing. However, such people have forgotten to realise the fact that learning by doing is the most efficient method of the learning process. Students may get lot of contents from their text books; however they will never realise the importance of such contents in the absence of practice. For example, students may learn more about Mother Teresa and her contributions from text books. But only those who take part in the community servicing will learn more about the depth, breadth and greatness of Mother’s services. According to Jonathan Sims, the student representative of Maryland state board of education, â€Å"students who are forced to community work may view the work as something to get out of the way and they will become clock watchers† (Morris, p. 4). The above arguments seem to be meaningless. In my opinion, when planned properly, service learning allows students to utilize their c lassroom learning, and use it in a real life situation.  It is difficult to create a wall between education and servicing. In fact the ultimate aim of education is servicing. Whatever the knowledge acquired by a student while learning, becomes meaningful only when he applies it in his personal, professional and social life. In other words, service learning will help the students to apply their knowledge learned from the classrooms. According to Ron Peiffer, Director of communication and special projects at Maryland state department of education, â€Å"when opponents argue that we cannot mandate volunteerism, they are ignoring the basic goal of required service programs ie, education† (Morris, p. 4). â€Å"Training throughout the mentoring experience would have helped to make

Causes of Rework and cost overuns in construction of sea water Thesis Proposal

Causes of Rework and cost overuns in construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Thesis Proposal Example Desalination is a very important term, especially for the countries where fresh water resources are scarce. It could be any process that removes a vast amount of salt and other minerals from the water. Habitually, it is known as the procedure of drawing the salts and minerals. It is best to purify your water with the process of desalinated and then use it for drinking and as well as for irrigational activities. This is the same process which is being used by many seagoing ships and sub-marines (Love et. al. 2004). In today’s world, desalination is mainly used for developing cost-effective ways of giving fresh water to such regions of the world where fresh water is in meager amount. If you are intending to do a large scale desalination process then you may also need massively powered infrastructures but it is sure to increase the expense you will pay on the overall project, so it is better to make the usage of fresh water from rivers or wells etc. According to the census performed n April 2010, Saudi Arab had a population of 27,136,977 humans out of which 18,707,576 were recognized as nationals and others were living with no nationality. Due to an overwhelming economic and urban growth of this country, more than 95% of the whole population has been settled down now. Some cities even have densities of more than thousand people per square kilometer. About 50% of the total water used in this country is generated by the process of desalination, whereas the other 40% is extracted from the mining of non-renewable groundwater, the remaining 10% is simply taken off from the surface water. This research will highlight the issues related to desali9nation processes in Saudi Arab which cause cost overruns. Problem Statement: The problem which will be studied in this research is: Causes of Rework and cost overruns in construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Research Objectives: There are four main objecti ves of this research which are listed below: To study existing sea water desalination projects for cost overruns To explore the reasons of rework and cost overruns in sea water desalination projects To investigate low cost alternatives which can control the cost of sea water desalination projects in Saudi Arabia To find ways of avoiding this cost overruns if construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Research Scope and limitation: This research will study 2 cases where cost overrun has been reported in construction of sea water desalination projects in Saudi Arab. Due to the constraint of time and budget, it is not possible to study the whole universe in this research. However, the case study selection will be based on the criteria that the projects which represent and can highlight the problems of all existing desalination projects should be chosen. This research is limited in the sense that not every existing sea water desalination project will be s tudied under it. Also, it is not possible for the researcher to study every aspect of the problem under discussion, so this research is limited to study of aspects of cost overrun. Methodology: For any research, qualitative or quantitative, primary or secondary, the most important part is its methodology. Methodology sets the stage for all further work to be done in any research (Gauch, 2002). Research can be done successfully and the objectives can be achieved if the research methodology laid out to conduct this research is properly planned. As research methodology is what leads any research towards its success, its importance can never be undermined in case of any research (Symon, et. al., 2000). This research is focused basically on primary data collection. A lot of tests and experiments have been conducted to get the required

Auditing and Assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Auditing and Assurance - Essay Example The omission is considered as immaterial if it does not affect the decisions of the users of financial statements. If the discrepancies in the information provided by the financial statements are material, the auditor needs to check and cross-check the effects of the misstatement on the financial statements as a whole. For instance, a misstatement in the inventory is required to be evaluated through an evaluation of combined effect of its relevant and linked accounts. The materiality of this misstatement, hence, would consider the accumulated impact on inventory, total current assets, total working capital, total assets, income taxes, income taxes payable, total current liabilities, cost of goods sold, net income before taxes and net income after taxes (Arens, Elder, & Beasley, Audit Reports, 2012). The relationship of materiality and opinion is tied with a lengthy process of auditing the financial statements. This relationship, hence, influences the way an auditor works by deciding on the extent and scope of auditing. Materiality determines if the auditor needs more time to be spent on certain areas of financial statements. Moreover, it also decides the nature of the report and the type of opinion. A material misstatement, for instance, results in a qualified, disclaimer or an adverse report if it affects the decisions of the users. Auditors are responsible to discover and report direct-effect illegal acts in the same manner as errors and frauds. On the other hand, there are limitations to detect and report indirect-effect illegal acts. The direct-effect illegal acts are detectable as, usually, they have a financial impact in terms of, for example, tax calculations etc.; whereas, indirect-effect illegal acts are not easily determinable as they are more related to the company’s work procedures, environment and conduct. The three levels of

Article Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Review - Article Example For all those abroad and at home made uncomfortable by the far-reaching assertions of American power, it was a time of predictable aggravation (Brennan 1). Without shock, they heard an overconfident Republican president swearing to make his nation’s attackers pay, and appearing to pay no more attention to legal facts instead of a cowboy bent on an execution. Behind all these endeavors lie two solid questions left answered by Mr. Bush’s rallying call of 2001: whether the United States can lay claim to the lawful powers of a country waging war, or whether it is more just, wiser or more useful to murder or capture terrorists and militants bent on causing harm to the country. Such an article, if gone through by business leaders, would persuade them to invest in the United States since the article informs people how the nation has improved technologically (Brennan 1). The article supports Obama’s use of technology to bring prosperity to the United States, which is a good way of attracting investors to the

Why the Spanish Carribean was unable to maintain control over its own Essay

Why the Spanish Carribean was unable to maintain control over its own Industries - Essay Example Production continued to increase up to 1925 well production deteriorated thereafter because of a series of restrictive policies first on the Cuban government and then on the part of the United States aimed at reducing overproduction and restoring prices. The division of labor and the existence of major production and processing machinery meant that workers were separated from the means of production and subjected to industrial discipline. (Ayala, 50) The plantation systems created a capitalist form which was dominated by the oligopolistic giant in the world sugar market. The Spanish Caribbean was unable to maintain control over its industries because of the introduction of the most modern forms of economic organization which lead to the emergence of wage labor based on the inability of the labor to handle the new technology. This was coupled with the poverty and inequality and the lack of capital for investment. Furthermore, the development of the free labor market and the introducti on of the latest technological advances in the sugar mills, and the fast-paced economic integration to the US economy were the major causes of the persistence in poverty and underdevelopment. (Langley, 271-5) The entrance of the US in the market caused a massive ripple in the industry because of the US had the latest technology and trained workers to handle the production process. The US easily captured and dominated the market because of the inability of the Spanish Caribbean to contain the massive raw material production due to lack of sophisticated industries and technologies that were owned by the US. Furthermore the US had the capital required to invest and run the business effectively which was lacking in the Spanish Caribbean. Innovative technologies and increase in the scale of production radically transformed the business of sugar production. The idea of land concentration also created a scenario in which a few land owners acquired most of the land resulting in the majority of the population being landless and also the immigration of more workers for the sugar industry without any changes in the land tenure further aggravated the landlessness situation in the areas and local class relations were transformed and the workforce proletarian by large-scale investments in sugar centrals. (Langhorn, 10) The large landowners received economic compensation, but workers were simply expelled from the land and their houses were demolished. The eviction of the agricultural workers disregarded traditional usufruct rights over parcels of land, which provided access to means of subsistence above the monetary wages of the workers. The destruction of garden plots and closure of access to fruit trees implied, over the long term, impoverishment for these rural workers. Some of the sugar plantations were converted to military bases by the US due to its ability to acquire the land from the large land owners with only a few transactions. (Langhorn, 10) The sugar companies o ften purchased already existing mills which were small in size and hence unable to handle the large quantity of the raw materials produced; this gave the US an upper hand in the industry since it had large size mills that were able to handle a large quantity of the raw materials and the vertical ownership structure extending across the border to the north subdued local interests or prevented them from surfacing. Further, the increase in employment in other sectors such as construction and other sectors promoted by military contracts during the Second World War to the decline of employment in the sugar industry. In addition the new jobs paid better wages; this therefore transformed the economy from an agrarian economy to one dependent on the US Navy also

Ways that internet has changed political interactions globally Essay

Ways that internet has changed political interactions globally - Essay Example Naturally then, political interactions are no exception. Internet has changed the political interaction globally in a number of ways across the entire â€Å"life cycle† of a political candidate – from the way electoral candidates reach out to the masses for proposing their agendas and for raising funds, to how they interact with the people once in power (or not in power), to how they formulate policy - both domestic and foreign, and finally even to how people oppose the government. Internet, through its large plethora of social networks, news and information sites/blogs has become a major force in the election process globally – for information gathering by masses about the political agendas, for marketing and advertising of candidate’s visions, and for fund raising. The US presidential elections in 2000 marked the beginning of the active use of internet in the election process as all candidates started opening and maintaining their websites. By 2004, blogs started cropping up and became a leading source of information and update for the people about the electoral process, and political parties started using the internet to promote their candidate’s visions. And in 2008, internet made it possible to overcome one of the biggest challenges of the electoral process – collecting small donations cost effectively. Until then, it was considered too costly to get the small donors’ money and was often neglected; the Obama campaign col lected an estimated $300 million through small donations made on the internet and showed how internet could easily overcome this problem with the biggest cost in the process being the transaction fee on cards. The effective use of internet is also often credited for a relatively young and unknown Senator Obama going on to become the president of the US. Internet has also changed the way politicians communicate with the masses in general – for information dissemination and opinion gathering. It allows a rapid interaction

Develop Assignment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Develop Assignment - Research Paper Example Prospecting – it was seen that the major problem of the new advisors was lack of prospects to do presentation and it was seen that they need to be trained on this area to make them more productive agents This training program shall be an interactive so as to ensure participation of all and to meet the needs of as many as possible. In all sessions there will be a feedback and question and answer session. Also the more experienced sales managers will also be incorporated into the session to give real life practical situations. Mock reality sessions will also be used to help the participated to appreciate the trainings. This training program is mainly for financial advisor, sales managers and sales business support officers as these are the individuals that the interact with the company’s clients and drive the sales turnover the company and in turn affect the profitability of the company Assessment will include two papers on the last day one written and verbal presentation including mock presentations to evaluate to the extent to which the advisors achieve the expected learning outcomes. Immediate feedback and evaluation shall be given for further continuing

Health Expenditure Poverty Essay Example for Free

Health Expenditure Poverty Essay Condition where peoples basic needs for food, clothing, and shelter are not being met. According to World Bank: Poverty is pronounced deprivation in well-being, and comprises many dimensions. It includes low incomes and the inability to acquire the basic goods and services necessary for survival with dignity. Poverty also encompasses low levels of health and education, poor access to clean water and sanitation, inadequate physical security, lack of voice, and insufficient capacity and opportunity to better one’s life. According to United Nations: Fundamentally, poverty is a denial of choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to food and clothing a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation. Type of Poverty: Poverty is generally of two types which are as follow. Absolute poverty Absolute poverty is synonymous with destitution and occurs when people cannot obtain adequate resources (measured in terms of calories or nutrition) to support a minimum level of physical health. Absolute poverty means about the same everywhere, and can be eradicated as demonstrated by some countries. Relative poverty Relative poverty occurs when people do not enjoy a certain minimum level of living standards as determined by a government (and enjoyed by the bulk of the population) that vary from country to country, sometimes within the same country. Relative poverty occurs everywhere, is said to be increasing, and may never be eradicated. Psychological Cause of poverty Poverty is regarded as a vicious circle. It is the product of different causes. Some of the thinkers have attributed it to a single cause but as poverty is a multi dimensional problem, multiple factors are responsible for it. According to hennery George, the main cause of poverty is the personal ownership and monopoly of individual on the land. He writes â€Å"in great cities where land is so valuable that it is measured by foot you will find extreme of poverty and of luxury.† Marx said the main causes of poverty are the exploitation laborers by the capitalists. Malthus said, poverty increases because of the fact that, while the food production increases in arithmetical progression, the population increase in geometric progression. These views lay emphasis on a singular cause of poverty but modern social scientists consider that poverty is the result of multiple factors. Personal factors: Personal factors play important role in economic status of a person. In this modern scientific era, one may not believe in the fate but no one can deny the importance of personal capacity and efforts in his life style and life pattern. The important personal factors cause poverty is as follows. i) Sickness: Due to sickness a person is unable to work or his income decreases. A major portion of his income is spent on the cure of the diseases. Sickness increases poverty. Hunter has rightly pointed out that â€Å"Poverty and sickness form a vicious partnership each helping the other to add to the miseries of most unfortunate of mankind.† ii) Mental disease: Mental disease and frustration also increase poverty. Owing to this, a man looses the balance of his mind by which he is incapable of doing anything. So his family becomes poor and it aggravates poverty. iii) Accident: Accident of any kind may make a person incapable of working, as a result of which he becomes a parasite on society or his income decreases. When income decreases poverty increases. iv) Idleness and extravagance: India is a rich country inhabited by poor. Idle and lazy persons do not work although they are able to work. Hence they remain poor. There are also extravagant persons who can waste any amount of money in no time. So the cause of poverty is not the lower income but excess of expenditure over income. Such persons also spent lavishly during festive occasions like marriage ceremony, many social religious festivals etc, and they always remain poor. v) Demoralizations: Due to lower morale some person are addicted to drinking, prostitution, gambling and other social evils. Such persons spent high proportion of their income on these evil habits and finally become pauper. Biological factors: Rapid growth of population is one of the most important causes of poetry. Malthus has pointed out that the geometric progress of population is the root cause of poverty. Due to the development of medical science, reduction of famine, control of epidemics and natural calamities death rate has decreased. At the same time birth rate has not been effectively controlled. If a man has too many children his standard of living is definitely lowered and he becomes relatively poor.† Besides, other factors like the power of fertility of Indian women, early age of marriage are also indirectly responsible for poverty. Global Distribution of Resources Many experts agree that the legacy of colonialism accounts for much of the unequal distribution of resources in the world economy. In many developing countries, the problems of poverty are massive and pervasive. In recent decades most of these countries have tried to develop their economies with industry and technology with varying levels of success. Some nations have become fairly wealthy, including the Republic of Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand. Many developing countries, however, lack essential raw materials and the knowledge and skills gained through formal education and training. They also often lack the infrastructure provided by, for example, transportation systems and power-generating facilities. Because these things are necessary for the development of industry, developing countries generally must rely on trade with developed countries for manufactured goods, but they cannot afford much. Some social scientists argue that wealthier developed countries continue to practice a form of colonialism, known as neocolonialism. The affluence of these countries is based to a large extent on favorable trade with the developing world. Developed countries have been able to get inexpensive natural resources from poorer countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America, including oil for power, ores and minerals for manufacturing durable goods, and manufactured goods made by low-wage workers in factories operated by multinational corporations. This practice contributes to the dependency of poorer countries while not raising their standards of living. Economical factors: The most fundamental cause of poverty is economics. The important economical factors are as follows. i) Backwardness of agriculture: Indian Agriculture is carried on with primitive techniques. Due to the absence of modern machines, tools, implements, improved seeds, manures, inadequate irrigation facilities, constant fragmentation of land and exploitation by the landlords etc. Agricultural production hampers to a great extent. Besides these our agricultural system is not sufficient to provide adequate number of jobs or better price for agricultural products. This increase poverty among the rural farmers. ii) Slow and defective industrialization: In India industrialization is taking place at a snail’s pace, due to inadequate finance, paucity of skilled and technically trained personnel, irregular supply of power and raw materials etc. Therefore it is not possible in India to provide employment in large scale tot he persons who are willing to work. Further the concentration of industries in urban areas also deprives the rural poor from getting employment in industries. iii) Unequal distribution: Distribution of wealth is unequal in India. Wealth is mostly concentrated in the hands of a few. These people after an optimum of investment keep the wealth in iron chests. On the other hand, the people who would have invested it for productive purpose do not get it. This leaves a majority of population in this state of unemployment. iv) Unwise economic policy: Indian is rich in respect of natural resources, but poor in making proper utilization of it. Till now we are not able to make optimum utilization of resources as a result of which it remains unutilized or misused. Sometimes due to defective policy of the government people remain poor. Psychological effects of poverty Psychological research has demonstrated that living in poverty has a wide range of negative effects on the physical and mental health and wellbeing of our nation’s children. Poverty impacts children within their various contexts at home, in school, and in their neighborhoods and communities. Poverty is linked with negative conditions such as substandard housing, homelessness, inadequate nutrition and food insecurity, inadequate child care, lack of access to health care, unsafe neighborhoods, and under resourced schools which adversely impact our nation’s children. Poorer children and teens are also at greater risk for several negative outcomes such as poor academic achievement, school dropout, abuse and neglect, behavioral and socio emotional problems, physical health problems, and developmental delays. These effects are compounded by the barriers children and their families encounter when trying to access physical and mental health care. Economists estimate that child poverty costs an estimated $500 billion a year to the U.S. economy; reduces productivity and economic output by 1.3 percent of GDP; raises crime and increases health expenditure Poverty and academic achievement Poverty has a particularly adverse effect on the academic outcomes of children, especially during early childhood. Chronic stress associated with living in poverty has been shown to adversely affect children’s concentration and memory which may impact their ability to learn. The National Center for Education Statistics reports that in 2008, the dropout rate of students living in low-income families was about four and one-half times greater than the rate of children from higher-income families (8.7 percent versus 2.0 percent). The academic achievement gap for poorer youth is particularly pronounced for low-income African American and Hispanic children compared with their more affluent White peers. Poverty and psychosocial outcomes Children living in poverty are at greater risk of behavioral and emotional problems. Some behavioral problems may include impulsiveness, difficulty getting along with peers, aggression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder. ïÆ'ËœSome emotional problems may include feelings of anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem. Poverty and economic hardship is particularly difficult for parents who may experience chronic stress, depression, marital distress and exhibit harsher parenting behaviors. These are all linked to poor social and emotional outcomes for children. Unsafe neighborhoods may expose low-income children to violence which can cause a number of psychosocial difficulties. Violence exposure can also predict future violent behavior in youth which places them at greater risk of injury and mortality and entry into the juvenile justice system. Underresourced schools in poorer communities struggle to meet the learning needs of their students and aid them in fulfilling their potential. Inadequate education contributes to the cycle of poverty by making it more difficult for low-income children to lift themselves and future generations out of poverty. Violence According to experts, many women become victims of trafficking, the most common form of which is prostitution, as a means of survival and economic desperation. Deterioration of living conditions can often compel children to abandon school in order to contribute to the family income, putting them at risk of being exploited, according to ECPAT International, an NGO designed to end the commercial sexual exploitation of children. For example, in Zimbabwe, a number of girls are turning to prostitution for food to survive because of the increasing poverty. In one survey, 67% of children from disadvantaged inner cities said they had witnessed a serious assault, and 33% reported witnessing a homicide. 51% of fifth graders from New Orleans (median income for a household have been found to be victims of violence, compared to 32% in Washington, DC (mean income for a household

Materials of Logistics in Management Essay Example for Free

Materials of Logistics in Management Essay The efficiency of any manufacturing organisation depends on the availability of component parts and materials in the proper quantity, quality, price, range and time. Failure in any of these areas increases costs and decreases profit as certainly as outmoded production methods or ineffective selling techniques. This simple but obvious point has only recently come to be properly understood. This book presents the principles, methods and strategies that represent the modern approach to materials management in all sectors of the economy. In analysing business operations, the phrase Value-added concept1 is often used to characterise the difference between the cost of component materials and the selling price of the finished product. This difference in value represents the unique contribution of each organisation to the production process. Many companies produce component parts and materials for other firms manufacturing specialised products Remanded by the customers. On an average, a manufacturing firm buys slightly more than half of the rupee value of its sales. In other words, the value added is typically less than 50 per cent of its sales. Conversely, the average company purchases materials valued at more than half of what it sells. Therefore, a firms profit is to a large extent determined by how effectively it procures and manages these materials. The organisational approach known as materials management has gained validity in recent years. Production and operations managers found it necessary to develop an organised body of knowledge related to planning, acquisition and utilisation of materials in the process of production and it has resulted in the discipline known as mate-rials management. All activities involved in bringing materials into and through the plant are combined under one head known as materials manager. By giving the materials manager overall authority, responsibility is centralised to assure that the overall cost of materials is kept at the lowest possible level. The basic rationale for this organisational change is to overcome the problems of conflicting objectives. For cample, purchase departments concern to ensure continuous supply of component materials may conflict with he inventory control departments objective to minimise inventory levels or the objective of shipping in full car load lots. Today organisations view procurement as a professional activity including activities involved in obtaining materials at minimum cost, transporting them and providing storage and moving toward the production process. It also includes economic analysis of supply (i. e. , purchase economics), demand and prices and the assessment of international events that affect materials. * evolution of materials management Historically, the five ‘M’s of manufacturing firms viz. Men, Materials, Machines, Money and Methods have shifted their positions from time to time in their relative importance. In the early days of industrialization, the focus was on men (labour) as they were the main source of productive power. Over a period of time, the emphasis shifted towards machines, which became the main source of industrial power after the Industrial Revolution. As the methods of production became more and more complex due to the increased customer demand for sophisticated products of high quality, there was greater need of efficient management to manage the complex production systems. In the early 1920s, purchasing and maintaining stock of materials was the responsibility of purchasing managers or chief controllers of purchasing and stores in many industries. During and immediately after World War II the focus shifted on various functions associated with materials such as purchasing, receiving, inspecting, storing, preserving, handling, issuing, accounting, transporting and disposing surplus and obsolete materials. These functions grouped under one common head known as materials manager and the department responsible for all these activities came to be known as materials management department. But the head of materials management department performed a staff function to support the production department and had to report to the production head (director of production) in the organizational hierarchy. The oil crisis of the 1970s changed the priorities of industries all over the world. The exorbitant hike in oil prices and the heavy budget allocations on oil made the industries to control their expenditure on the inputs, mainly materials of all kinds because of the large scope to reduce the expenses on materials. Since the beginning of 20th century, materials have been getting more and more attention and will continue to do so in the future also. Now a days material has* become an important and inevitable input of a production system since the cost of materials and cost on materials (cost incurred in purchasing and storing the materials) put together account for 50 to 85% of the production cost depending on the nature of the product and the type of the production system. Modern manufacturing organisations adopted systems approach to management, which resulted in the integrated materials management concept. All functions related to materials such as materials planning, purchasing, storing and inventory control were integrated under materials management function. The position of the head of the integrated materials management department was elevated to be on par with heads of other functional areas viz. production, finance and human resources. * importance of materials in manufacturing organisations Materials are any commodities used directly or indirectly in producing a product or service such as raw materials, component parts, assemblies and supplies. In the manufacturing organisations, the important inputs are referred to as 5 Ms viz. Men (Labour), Machines, Money, Materials and Methods. The relative importance among these five Ms have shifted from time to time. In the beginning of industrialisation the focus was on machines, men (labour) and methods, but from around 1970 onwards the emphasis is on materials. Material is an important and inevitable input gi J production system since the cost of materials and cost on materials (cost incurred in purchasing and storing the materials) put together account for 50 to 85* of the production cost depending on the nature of the product and the type of the production system * importance of materials management Management of materials in most organisations is crucial to their success because the cost of purchasing, storing, moving and shipping materials account for over half of the products cost. Improving productivity is a crucial factor in facing the challenge of competition and this involves driving down the cost of all aspects of business activities. Since there is maximum scope of cost reduction in the area of materials, doing the job of efficient and effective management of materials is seen as the key to higher productivity.

The Culturalist And Institutionalist Approaches Commerce Essay

The Culturalist And Institutionalist Approaches Commerce Essay With the rapid development of the world economy integration, MNCs will become a very important economic organizations, this set to the HRM new request. MNCs need selection, training, and compensation employees so they can in overseas offices for the organization work, at the same time MNCs also need recruit foreign staff. So MNCs will need to solve cross-cultural and institution problems in HRM activities. IHRM were more complex than domestic HRM. This is because of MNCs employees are from different countries, that would involve staff culture difference, as the development of economic globalization and the progress of science and technology, the western culture and eastern culture with unprecedented speed in the greater scope and deeper levels are fusion and communication, peoples thought is in constant change. In the eastern and western enterprise culture conflict and fusion process, learn from each other and reference to each others strengths, they constantly improve their manageme nt concept of human resources and strategy. In this essay, the main question is how culture and institution effect HRM in MNCs, there are four parts of the essay, first two is to introduce culture and institution, and the following two parts is about how they influence HRM in MNCs, some scholars ideas and literatures will help to support the essay. Culturalist and institutionalist HRM is a strategic function concerned with recruitment, training and development, performance appraisal, communication and labor relations (ICMR, 2010). International human resource management is about the world-wide management of human resources (Adler Ghadar, 1990 etc.). Human resource management of MNCs is one of an important part of International human resource management. Due to the internationalizations, quick development of global competition and rapid development of MNCs, at the same time, so that it leading to increase of human resources liquidity, thus to have efficient human resource management is becoming a key issue to influence the success of enterprises. 1.1 The definition and characteristics of culturalist How much does culture difference influence human resource management in MNCs? There is no standard answer for this question. Because culture itself is intangible, it is difficult to measure. Geert Hofstede (2001) describe that culture just like the software of the mind, in the meantime, Hodgetts and Luthans (2003) has given some specific attributes for culture after analysis, they think It is learned. Culture is not only inherited, it is also experience in the study. It is shared. Culture can be shared, it is not the product of a single individual or fortune, it is a group, organization, social jointly enjoy. It is transgenerational. Culture is the cumulative throughout your generations, is not appeared without foundation. It is symbolic. Culture is the human ability to represent or used to show to the others. It is patterned. Culture has its structure, is a comprehensive, a part of the change will lead to the other part of the change. Dahl (2004), drawing on the work of Hofstede (2001), Trompenaars and Hampden-Turner (1997) and Spencer-Oatey (2000), asserted culture has its level and grade, perhaps it is easy to change culture outside, just like tradition, custom, habits and actual behaviors, but the deep inside is very hard to change. The reason is culture is the specific consciousness of accumulation down. Besides, it is not difficult to find that culture has big influence for MNCs, for example, with the developing of global economy, many MNCs has appeared, but culture difference, culture conflict and prejudice will be serious problems and they will hinder MNCs grows. Therefore, effectively adjust the cultural conflict is one of the important factors to successful operation and develop multinational enterprises. Moreover, because of cultural subjects are mainly is the human, so human resources management is an important bearing the burden. 1.2 The definition and characteristics of institutionalist According to the Concise Oxford English Dictionary (2012), an institution may be defined as an official organization with an important role in a country or an organization founded for a religious, educational, or social purpose. Now in the age of globalization, people have serious debate on the institutional arrangements and the feasibility of the status, include nation State. Many people believe that now some institutions are shell, not the actual effect, and just forced arrangement execution. Even so, most of the social have a common a series of institution, including private and public enterprises, public facilities, the financial system established, education system, trade and government agencies jointly. The related strengths institution can be change, like habit can influence each other. Dore, R. (2000:45-47) showed clearly that institutional interlock as typifying national economies and the relationship between the economy and the broader society. So it can be proven in some social, because of the social partys convention, institution operation is concatenated; it is support each other change. Of course, the institution all over the world have very big gap, some more focus on institutional autonomy and self-sufficient. As a result, there are many different types of economic institution states in the world, such as the United States is the market economic system, North Korea is planned economy system, China is under the states macro-regulation of market economy system. The system is in order to adapt to the present stage of national economic development, so international enterprise in different countries to establish the company also should to comply with the institution of the countries, and institution in different region will directly affect the multinational comp anies operating methods. 1.3 National and regional differences According to the United States and Japan multinational enterprise human resources management activities of the comparative study, usually from recruiting and selection, advancement and evaluation, compensation system and incentive measures and the employer and employee career etc type to compare. Ouchi(1978), Jaeger Baliga(1985) has compared the US and Japan human resource management in MNCs, their conclusion were haply the same. The US employees are loyal to individual work, personal decision and responsibility; they are particular about the short-term job evaluation and motivation in the management, so the promotion is quickly and prefers short-term employment. Japanese enterprise employees can more loyal to the organization, the teams decision and responsibility, they are particular about the long-term job evaluation and motivation in the management, therefore, the promotion is slow and prefers long-term employment. Comprehensive different scholars point of view, here is the main difference collect from America, Japan multinational corporations and local enterprise in human resources management activities as shown in table 1. Table 1. HRM activities comparison with Japan, U.S.A and local enterprise C:UsersEvaDocumentsTencent [emailprotected]@6XOR}_N)C4PG.jpg Resource from: Wen-Chin Liao, Wei-Tao Tai. (2002). 1.3.1 The factors of influence differences between domestic and international human resource management Resource from: http://www.doc88.com/p-10985957892.html pp11 Institutional and cultural influences on HRM in MNCs 2.1 Institutional perspectives for HRM When some MNCs invest in China, they find they have to offer accommodation for employees, expatriates from abroad to China might find their incomes were facing tax collection from both home country and host country, therefore, HRM in MNCs should consider different states institution. Marginson (2004) suggest as in the United States or Britain offer free market economy should be more focus on short-term financial status, and to use pure financial standards to push to take investment strategy. For example, the management of large and medium-sized enterprises may be more willing to pay attention to individual employers of the effect achievement, like to use financial rewards and punishments to motivate staff training and development, and make the company internal individual competition is fierce. Management team and line management personnel authorized to control many human resources management and employees incentive, make it more flexibility. Organizational and HR principles associated with liberal market economies are as follows: Freedom to manage; Emphasis on short-term competition; Flexible deployment of staff; Pay linked to individual performance; Training regarded as an overhead. (Kerrypress Ltd,2009) One side ¼Ã…’Marginson ¼Ã‹â€ 2004 ¼Ã¢â‚¬ °said like Germany control economic market will pay more attention to in effect achievement of long-term investment strategy. Employees are thought to be lasting assets, is to improve the competitive advantage of favorable resources. Organizational and HR principles associated with Control market economies are as follows: Constraints on managerial freedom through state regulations and other influences; Longer-term orientation; Investment in training; Relative job security; Employee involvement and participation. (Kerrypress Ltd,2009) The analysis of the institution can help to better understand the across national of the management of human resources policies and practices, using commercial system and the relevant methods to effect is the demand of the national diversity. Firstly, According to Pollert (1999), the business system provides an imperfect device to explain the human resource structure in national varieties. It proved the concept of national commercial system covering the different of non-national institution, like different enterprise culture in national country. For instance, via pan-European integration policies. Then, in actuality, there is no perfect relationship is to business system and practice of human resource management. Hardy (2002) claims, local isomorphism, is to adjust the local environment, more like for some countries institution leads to some regional different human resources management. Such as salary, working time and work contract are all influence by local institution. In addition, about the work equal employment opportunities and health security, the enterprise will be affected by the constraints of the state institution. 2.2 Culture perspectives for HRM In a sense, all countries on the way in the decision-making differences are fundamentally can be attributed to diversity and interaction of each culture scale. Many scholars has researched cultural in different levels, one Dutch researcher Geert Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions has been accept and it has huge impact for HRM, show as Figure 1. Figure 1, Geert Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Resource from: Business Mate.Org. (2009). 1. Individualism VS. Collectivism Cultural individualism and collectivism level of different social reflects the attitudes of collectivism are different. In collectivism countries, people must take into account the interests of others, members of the organization have the spirit of obligation and loyalty. And in individualistic society, everyone only for its own interests, each person has freedom to choose a course of action. In this way a management decisions on the culture difference that presented forGenerally speaking, in the collective tendency company, managers in the decision-making often encourage employees to actively participate in decision making, and the decision will take a long time, but enforcement and carries out the decision quickly because almost everyone involved in the decision-making process, and understand the purpose of making a decision and content. And individualism strong company managers often make decision independent. The decision quickly but enforcement need a long time, because they need more time to sell their decision purpose, content to stuff. 2. Power Distance Power distance in the organization management is often link with centralized degree, leader and decision-making. In a high power distance organization, subordinates often rely on their leaders, in this case, the managers often taken centralised mode of decision-making, manager make decision, subordinates accept and execution. And in low power distance organization, manager and subordinate just keep a small gap, subordinates partake decision-making. 3. Uncertainty Avoidance Uncertainty avoidance tends to influence an organizations activities, also will effect an organization risk attitude. In a high uncertainty avoidance organization, the organization incline to build more work regulations, processes or rules to deal with uncertainty, the management is also based on work and task, managers decisions making are programmed decisions. In a weak uncertainty avoidance organization, little emphasis on control, work rules and process standardization level is relatively low 4. Masculinity VS. Femininity In cultural values, masculinity and femininity, and long-term orientation two dimension will influence in different degree to the managers decision method. 5. Long VS. Short Term Orientation Michael Bond and some Chinese partner did not take Hofstedes questionnaire survey method, the prefer based on Asian researcher confucianist value and present a new survey method. Geert Hofstede added his theory on the new survey. The long-term vision culture play attention on future, save and reserve, they do anything all leave room. For example, Japan, with a long-term vision for investment, the annual profit is not important; the most important is to achieve a long-term goal year after year. In the short term orientation culture, values are toward the past and the present. People respect traditional, pay attention to the social responsibility, but at present is more important. In the management, the most important is profit in now, their estimate cycle is short, and require seeing efficacy quickly, no delay. For instance the US Company pay more attention to quarterly and yearly profit results, managers only care the profits in performance evaluation. Conclusion This essay has offered two complementary strands of analysis to understand diversity in HRM in MNCs institutional and cultural. Institutional structure and characteristics, which might be think as the hardware of national and regional Commercial system, impact fundamentally on the comparative status of the HR. Cultural may be thinking as the software conditioning international variations in values and mindsets. Solve the cultural conflict, establish unified and harmonious enterprise culture, cross-cultural management the most troubling is that cultural conflict. Different forms of culture collide each other; mutually exclusive process is the cultural conflict. According to the survey of different cultural background employees, if poor management staff, will lead to serious for the enterprise, and undeserved decision, low efficiency, have an impact to MNCs daily basic operations. On the surface, MNC is a union from different countries technology, capital and management, but from the connotation is concerned, is different culture collision and integration. So to the cross-cultural management, the only way is to find a balance point for different culture, the implementation of the balance mode of management, the cultural conflict can be solved.

St. Thomas Aquinas Third Way Modalized :: Aquinas Third Day Philosophy Papers

Aquinas' Third Way Modalized ABSTRACT: The Third Way is the most interesting and insightful of Aquinas' five arguments for the existence of God, even though it is invalid and has some false premises. With the help of a somewhat weak modal logic, however, the Third Way can be transformed into a argument which is certainly valid and plausibly sound. Much of what Aquinas asserted in the Third Way is possibly true even if it is not actually true. Instead of assuming, for example, that things which are contingent fail to exist at some time, we need only assume that contingent things possibly fail to exist at some time. Likewise, we can replace the assumption that if all things fail to exist at some time then there is a time when nothing exists, with the corresponding assumption that if all things possibly fail to exist at some time then possibly there is a time when nothing exists. These and other similar replacements suffice to produce a cogent cosmological argument. Aquinas' Third Way is a cosmological argument for the existence of God which "is taken from possibility and necessity." It is surprising therefore that philosophers of religion have not shown much interest in applying modal logic to its analysis. (1) There are a couple of reasons. First, Aquinas does not always use the words 'possibility' and 'necessity' in the same way that they are used in modal logic. Second, cosmological arguments generally purport to build a bridge between some property of this world and a supreme being, making it unnecessary, it might be thought, to appeal to modalized features of other possible worlds. Modal logic has of course been applied extensively to the analysis of ontological arguments. Ontological arguments purport to build a logical bridge between thought and a supreme being. Most ontological arguments proceed from the assumption that it is possible for God to exist. They then link this assumption with some rather "strong" and controversial principles of modal logic in order to prove that God must exist in all possible worlds, from which it follows that God exists in the real world. (2) It might be possible, however, to prove the existence of God with the use of a weak and noncontroversial system of modal logic if we root the proof with some plausible possibilistic principles about what might be true of the cosmos. The Third Way is not sound per se.

Indian Suffrage Essay examples -- essays research papers

Indian Suffrage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before the English arrived in the New world and began creating colonies, the American Indians lived in harmony and peace with natures. The American Indians were skilled hunters, farmers and used everything in their environment for survival or for essential necessities. They shared the land together and moved about freely in search of food. The American Indians never considered the lands their property because it's belong to God and no one have the right to buy, sell, nor own it. However, Europeans has an opposite view of Indians beliefs, cultures, and use of lands. They viewed Indians as children, savage- uncivilized people in need of their protection and salvation (Carroll and Noble: 30). Therefore, they felt it is their responsibility to civilize the Indian and put their lands into good uses. Hence, American Indians suffrages and nightmares began. The impact of American expansion has turned upon the Indians and confronted them with social and economic crises never before experienced. As a result, many tribes torn apart, in many cases extinct, and their identity was lost. Indians also lost their original lands as a result of direct and indirect contact with the Europeans. The whites wanted more lands for their developments, and because of this greed, they created direct policies to clear the Indians off their lands. For example, one form of direct policy that the whites used to rob Indians of their lands was by signing treaties. Then later the whites broke these treaties and forced Indian off their lands by the Removal policy and claimed the lands as their property (Lowy: Lecture 11/96). There were many indirect methods that white used to rob Indians' lands. They use bribery, threats, and among countless other things to trick Indians into giving up their lands. They were often tricked into signing the land cession treaties that they did not understand the negotiation and the language (Lowy: Lecture 11/6).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In many ways, the United States policy toward Indian has been schizophrenic because the laws never completely nor attempted to give Indians an opportunity to progress and assimilate into American mainstream as an individual. From time to time, whites creates many policies, such as the reservation, relocation, and termination in an effort to assimilate the Indians into the Americ... ...using their own lands, while the whites over exploited the lands for profits. Whites also passed laws restricting Indians trading opportunities. Also, Indians lives were greatly affected by the extermination of buffalo. Yet, while Indians dependent greatly on buffalo for their main source of food, clothing, and many inedible by-products, the white destroyed them in massive number as hunting sport. A final form, cultural genocide, it explains how Indians' languages, religions, values, and cultures was lost or drastically swapped.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thanks to the Red Power Movement and many other Indians movements, their efforts have strengthened the prospects for Indian self-determination in the political, economic, education and religious realm. They have helped to make Indian people more visible to the whites and whites began to realize that Indian was our first and natural citizen. However, the government in particular, owns it to the Indians to give them an opportunity to be a full participant in economic, political, and education. They need to put into practice and to bring to fruition some of the reforms and treaties with the American Indians that are long overdue.

The Role Of Friar Lawrence :: essays research papers

In Romeo and Juliet, a tragedy by William Shakespeare, Friar Lawrence plays a dominate role in the eventual death of Romeo and Juliet even though he is not on stage for most of the play. There are basically three major parts that lead to the tragedy; the marriage, the plan, and the inevitable deaths in all which Friar Lawrence plays a vital role.Friar Lawrence plays an essential role in the marriage of young Romeo and Juliet. At Romeo’s request Friar Lawrence states, "In one respect I’ll thy assistant be; for this alliance may so happy prove, to turn your households to pure love" (Act 2 Scene 3.) Friar Lawrence believes that this holy marriage would bring the Capulet family and Montuague family closer together, for he anticipates that the families will stop hating each other and be peaceful. His attempts to make the marriage of Romeo and Juliet are admirable but poorly planned. Friar Lawrence performs the marriage rites to unite them in holy marriage. Romeo and Juliet are now husband and wife. They have known each other a sum of two days. Friar Lawrence plays a vital role in the marriage of Romeo and Juliet.Friar Lawrence plays a significant role in the plan for Juliet to "sleep." Friar Lawrence calms a frantic Juliet by giving her and telling her to "Take thou this vial, being then in bed, and this distilled liquor drink though off" (Act 4, Scene 1). Later, Juliet is uneasy and unsure of the effects of the potion. She hopes that this is only a temporary sleep and not a permanent one. He also tells Juliet that "Shall Romeo by my letters know our drift, and hither shall hem come; and he and I shall watch thy waking, and that very night shall Romeo bear thee to Mantua" (Act 4, Scene 1.) Unforeseen to neither the Friar nor Juliet that an error such as the one of Friar John’s would prove to be deadly. Poor Romeo was not able to receive the letter. Friar Lawrence plays a significant role in the plan for Juliet to "sleep."Friar Lawrence plays an important rule in the actual deaths of Romeo, Juliet, And Paris. Friar Lawrence is unable to reach Romeo with the news of Juliet’s "death." Romeo, thinking Juliet is dead rushes to Verona, but not before buying some fast poison.

Pakistan Studies

B. 2 Natural Resources – An Issue of Sustainability d)_Fish (Syllabus 2011) d)_Fish Candidates should be able to †¢ describe the fishing methods used in both marine and inland waters, including fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fish caught in both marine & inland waters & of the fish reared on fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh coasts, †¢ describe the uses of the fish caught. explain improvements in fishing methods and processing techniques †¢ understand the problems facing the fishing industry and evaluate the possibilities for its further development and sustainability ____________________________________________________________________________ Question: 2 (May / June 2000) (d) (i) For marine fishing name the main catch and the most important export market for the catch. [2] (ii) For inland fishing state where and why fish are caught. [5] Question: 2(October / November 2002) (a) Study the following. Fish Group 1 – crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, sharkGroup 2 – hila, mahseer, palla, trout Group 3 – herring, mackerel, sardines, shark Fishing Areas A – inland fisheries (freshwater) B – Makran (Balochistan) Coast C – Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast (i) In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught? [1] (ii) In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught? [1] (iii) Describe the fishing industry of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the fish caught. [6] (iv) Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing fish. 4] (v) Why are fish so plentiful in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast? [4] Question: 4(October / November 2003) (b) (i) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. [5] (ii) Why are the ports in Balochistan small? [4] Question: 3 (May / June 2004) (a) Study Photograph (opposite) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan. (i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm. [4] (ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds? [3] (iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? 1] (b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. [4] Question: 1 (May / June 2005) (b) (iii) The area of mangrove forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has this affected the local fisheries? [2] Question: 4 (May / June 2008) (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. [2] (ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. [2] (iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods. [3] (iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial. 4] (b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore? [3] (ii) Why is fish processing called ‘value-added’? [1] ( iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the Fishing industry difficult? [4] (c) Study Fig. (opposite), a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan. (i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. [3] (ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. [3] Question: 2(October / November 2008) (c) (ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. 4] (iii) Explain how this pollution affects fishing. [3] Question: 1(October / November 2010) (b) Study Fig. (opposite), which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996–2006. The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996. (i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. [2] (ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. [3] (c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5] (d) Study Fig. (opposite). With reference to Fig. (opposite), explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry in Pakistan. [6] Pakistan Studies B. 2 Natural Resources – An Issue of Sustainability d)_Fish (Syllabus 2011) d)_Fish Candidates should be able to †¢ describe the fishing methods used in both marine and inland waters, including fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fish caught in both marine & inland waters & of the fish reared on fish farms, †¢ give examples of the fishing ports on both the Balochistan and Sindh coasts, †¢ describe the uses of the fish caught. explain improvements in fishing methods and processing techniques †¢ understand the problems facing the fishing industry and evaluate the possibilities for its further development and sustainability ____________________________________________________________________________ Question: 2 (May / June 2000) (d) (i) For marine fishing name the main catch and the most important export market for the catch. [2] (ii) For inland fishing state where and why fish are caught. [5] Question: 2(October / November 2002) (a) Study the following. Fish Group 1 – crab, lobster, prawns (jhinga), sardines, sharkGroup 2 – hila, mahseer, palla, trout Group 3 – herring, mackerel, sardines, shark Fishing Areas A – inland fisheries (freshwater) B – Makran (Balochistan) Coast C – Indus Delta (Sindh) Coast (i) In which fishing area are the fish in group 1 caught? [1] (ii) In which fishing area are the fish in group 2 caught? [1] (iii) Describe the fishing industry of the Makran Coast with reference to methods of catching the fish, ports and the uses of the fish caught. [6] (iv) Increasingly fish are obtained from fish farms. Describe this method of producing fish. 4] (v) Why are fish so plentiful in the mangroves of the Indus Delta Coast? [4] Question: 4(October / November 2003) (b) (i) State and explain the main functions of the ports on the Balochistan coast. [5] (ii) Why are the ports in Balochistan small? [4] Question: 3 (May / June 2004) (a) Study Photograph (opposite) which shows part of a fish farm at Faiz, south of Multan. (i) Describe the lay-out and features of the fish farm. [4] (ii) How has the physical topography of the area made it easy to construct the ponds? [3] (iii) Where has the material come from that has been used to make the banks of the ponds? 1] (b) Why is fish farming of growing importance in Pakistan? Credit will be given if you name a species of fresh water fish reared on fish farms. [4] Question: 1 (May / June 2005) (b) (iii) The area of mangrove forest has decreased in size in recent years. How and why has this affected the local fisheries? [2] Question: 4 (May / June 2008) (a) (i) Name two fishing ports on the coast of Balochistan. [2] (ii) Name two types of marine fish caught by fishermen. [2] (iii) Describe subsistence fishing methods. [3] (iv) Explain how these methods can be improved to make fishing commercial. 4] (b) (i) How can fish be stored and processed onshore? [3] (ii) Why is fish processing called ‘value-added’? [1] ( iii) How does the poor infrastructure of Balochistan make development of the Fishing industry difficult? [4] (c) Study Fig. (opposite), a graph comparing the production of marine and inland fisheries in Pakistan. (i) Compare the changes shown in the graph. [3] (ii) Explain why more people are employed in inland fisheries than marine fishing. [3] Question: 2(October / November 2008) (c) (ii) Explain how industries can pollute river and sea water. 4] (iii) Explain how this pollution affects fishing. [3] Question: 1(October / November 2010) (b) Study Fig. (opposite), which shows the weight of marine fish caught 1996–2006. The weight of fish caught in 2006 was less than in 1996. (i) Suggest two reasons for this decrease. [2] (ii) Describe how the weight of fish caught changed in the years between 1996 and 2006. [3] (c) Describe how marine fishing methods can be improved. [5] (d) Study Fig. (opposite). With reference to Fig. (opposite), explain the advantages and disadvantages of developing the fishing industry in Pakistan. [6]

Demise of a Hero Essay

The play Antigone is one of the known Greek tragedies. Written by Sophocles and performed in 441 BC, the play is considered, up to the present time one of the most recognized tragedies ever written. But then, what is a tragedy and what differentiates it from other forms? Aristotle, in his Poetics, defined tragedy as â€Å"the imitation of an action that is serious and also, as having magnitude, complete in itself.(Aristotle, VI.2)† Aside from such, tragedies also have the ability to instigate a feeling of pity and fear for the character. However, these feelings will be lost due to a catharsis or purging of such emotions caused by the tragic hero. There has been much debate as to who is the tragic hero in the play.   In Aristetolian definition , the tragic hero is doomed to fail and posseses a   tragic flaw, or fatal flaw. In the case of   Antigone, her tragic flaw, or misjudgement, that is hamartia is her higher laws of duty to the gods and one’s family. She is willing to do all things for the laws she strongly abides by and fight for the family whom she is devoted to. Creon ,   on the other hand, is quite the opposite. He disregards the directives from the gods. The characters’ tragic flaw takes the character down as the tragedy progresses. I quote from Antigone’s line â€Å"Gladly will I meet death in my sacred duty to the dead. Longer time have I to spend with them than with those who live upon the earth. Seek not to argue with me; nothing so terrible can come to me but that an honored death remains.†(Sophocles) Truly, Antigone is ready to face death to fulfill her duties. In Creon’s case, I quote, â€Å"Honoring the good and punishing the vile, as well beseems a ruler, I have assigned due funeral rites to Eteocles, who died fighting for the fatherland; but Polynices, who sought to make desolate with fire his native city and its gods, and who sought to glut himself with kindred blood and lead our citizens to slavery–to him shall no man give a tomb. Let the body lie mutilated, as a feast to dogs and birds. Therefore have I appointed watchers over his corpse, and do ye watch yourselves that no one disobey. Greed has often led men to their death.†(Sophocles) Aside from having a tragic flaw, Aristotle defines a tragic hero as having several other characteristics that invoke the emotions of the audience who are watching the tragedy. The tragic hero is characterized by four major attributes. The first, tragic flaw, or hubris has already been discussed in the earlier part. Another trait is that the character must be either born of noble blood, must posses nobility; or is born with a high degree of wisdom. In the case of Antigone, she is born of nobility. Antigone is Oedipus’ and Jocata’s daughter. Then again, Creon is also of noble origin since he is the current ruler at.that time. After such follows perepetia or a reversal of fortune which is caused by the aforementioned flaw. Antigone is emprisoned and starved to death, while Creon eventually loses all that he has. Creon’s anagorisris or realization of his mistakes came too late. When he consulted the prophet Teiresias, all of his family were dead and Antigone had already commited suicide. Antigone was written by Sophocles a known tragedian, it was written for Greek audience and was meant to be performed on a Greek stage. Antigone is One of the 3 Theban plays or Oedipus cycle. This set contains Oedipus Rex, Oedipus at Colonus and the aforementioned play, Antigone. The characters in the play are individuals who are part of Greek mythology. The play is set in the kingdom of Thebes at a time after the outbreak of a war in between armies led by the two sons of Oedipus. The main conflict of the play was presented in the beginning of the play. Since the beginning of the play, the conflict lies on the death of the two brothers who had apparently killed each other. Creon suggested that Polynices would not be given proper burial. He argues that since Polynices fought against the kingdom of Thebes, he cannot be buried with proper rights while Eteocles received full military honors in his burial. Having found out what had become of his brothers, Antigone defies Creon’s decree and decides to bury his brother. When Creon found out about this, he ordered for Polynices’ remains to be dug out. At this point, Antigone accepts to be punished by death for the action she has done. Ismene claims to be part of this incident but Antigone does not allow her to admit to such act. The Main characters in the play are: Antigone , Ismene, Antigone’s sister  Creon, Eurydice, Haemon and Teiresias. Antigone is a woman who adheres firmly to the law of the gods as well as the protection of her family. In the course of the play, we see that Antigone holds onto what she believes in up until her death. Ismene, as she goes into a dispute with her sister, showed her resilience and how Antigone’s ideas had greatly influenced her. Creon is Antigone’s uncle. But unlike Antigone, he is a firm believer of the laws of man. He is constrained by the ideas of simplicity and goos sense. Eurydice is Creon’s wife. She is silent but very significant since her suicide marked the total fall of Creon. Haemon is Antigone’s fiancà © and Creons son. He tries to convince his father to spare Antigone’s life. He was also responsible for speaking of the opinion of the people that Antigone’s decision was right. Teiresias is the blind prophet who spoke to tell Creon of his wrongdoings. Teriesias blindness and Eurydice’s silence tells us how significant the stillness can become.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In our modern age, there is still debate on who should be followed. Although most laws that are created adhere to the known laws of our religion, there is still conflict between the man-made and divine laws. At times, it is very difficult to decide which laws to put first, especially when there is no absolute right and wrong. However, as what had happened to Creon, it is very possible that we make a mistake and end up much like the tragedy that is in Antigone. Works Cited Aristotle, Poetics. Gregory, Justina, ed.. A Companion to Greek Tragedy, 2005 Segal, Charles, Tragedy and Civilization: An Interpretation of Sophocles (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999, new edition). Sophocles. Three Theban Plays. Trans. Robert Fagles. New York: Penguin Books, 1986,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   p. 35